If you use the proper search patterns and see things well in advance, you should avoid most emergencies. However, as part of your IPDE method of driving, expect that other drivers may sometimes proceed when they shouldn’t. This means that you will have to execute your decision in a hurry if you are to avoid a collision.
In this section, you’ll deal with the techniques you need to control your vehicle during the provedení part of an emergency situation. To become skilled in emergency techniques, you need to practise, if possible, with a trained instructor.
Kde hledat
The rule is simple! Look where you want to go and steer there. Don’t look at the tree you want to avoid, look at the gap you want to get through.
Emergency braking techniques
Navzájem si try to brake in a straight line. Get your wheels straight and line up your vehicle so that it can go straight ahead while you’re braking. Don’t try to brake when your vehicle is turned — you could spin out. (See Braking.)
Emergency steering techniques
The difference between steering in an emergency situation and steering in a normal driving situation is the speed and amount that you need to turn the wheel.
If you do skid and need to recover, turn the wheel to correct your direction of travel. This method just takes practise. The difficult part is knowing when your wheels are straight.
At higher speeds, use the «9 and 3» steering method. (See Hand positions.) Twist the wheel without moving your hands on the wheel. When your hands return to «9» and «3,» you know your front wheels are straight.
Steering around an object involves three movements:
Řídit
Twist the wheel in the direction you wish to go.
Counter-steer
Turn the wheel back the other way beyond the centrepoint.
Srovnat
Twist the wheel back to the point where your wheels are straight.
Timing is crucial, so it’s advisable to practise this manoeuvre with an experienced instructor.
It’s important, after turning around an obstacle, to get the vehicle going straight before you begin a second steering movement.
If your choice is between braking or steering, choose to steer. You can steer around an obstacle in a shorter distance than it takes to stop in front of it.
Combined braking and steering
Where you have a choice, the best method of dealing with an emergency is to combine braking and steering. Brake first, while you slow down and regain control and finish deciding where you want to go.
If you have time and you are feeling calm, threshold brake. If not, lock your four wheels. Regardless of the method of braking you use, take your foot off the brake to steer around the object. Most importantly, do one thing at a time, either brake or steer. If your wheels are locked, the car will go straight ahead regardless of how you turn the steering wheel.
If you are driving a vehicle equipped with ABS, the best way to deal with an emergency is to brake hard and steer where you want to go.
Neutral/declutch
Provided it’s recommended for your vehicle type, it’s best to shift to neutral, or declutch, in all emergencies, except when you plan to use the accelerator to get out of trouble. Please refer to your vehicle owner’s manual for manufacturer’s recommendations in this regard.
Smyk
A skid usually occurs on a slippery surface when there is not enough traction to keep the tires rolling. You will go into a skid when it is wet or slippery if you brake or accelerate too hard or turn too sharply.
Regardless of the kind of skid, always shift to neutral (declutch). Turning the wheel in the direction of the skid is correct, but complicated. A much simpler way to decide what way to steer is to look where you want to go and steer there.
Never use cruise control when roads are wet or slippery or on gravel.
Skids resulting from braking
The remedy is the same in any skid resulting from braking, regardless of how many wheels lock. Shift to neutral (declutch) and remove your foot from the brake. Look where you want to go and steer there. By shifting to neutral, you will ensure that the skid does not get worse and you will get the wheels rolling again so that you can steer.
You will probably have to correct the steering. Look where you want to go and steer there. This will usually mean steering, counter-steering and straightening out.
Skids resulting from too much acceleration
Sometimes too much acceleration or using cruise control on a slippery surface will cause the vehicle to skid. To correct this situation, shift to neutral (declutch), take your foot off the accelerator, look where you want to go and steer there. Do not touch the brake. Some corrective steering may be necessary.
Skids resulting from steering too sharply
If you turn the wheel too far to the left or right on a slippery surface, the front wheels will skid straight ahead. To correct this, you must shift to neutral (declutch) and turn the wheel back towards the centre. As the wheels move to a position where they are turned less sharply, they will begin to grip again and you will be able to steer. You actually turn the wheel in the opposite direction from which you wish to go until the wheels begin to roll. Only at this point do you look where you want to go and steer there.
When skids go too far
Sometimes, when a skid has gone too far, the vehicle will start to spin. You may not be able to stop the spinning, but you do have a choice of where it spins. Shift to neutral, if you have time, and lock all four wheels. The vehicle will spin in a straight line, continuing in the direction in which it was last going. Usually, if you do this you can stay on the road.
To avoid getting into skids
To avoid getting into a skid, first adjust your speed to the conditions, then look well ahead so that you have plenty of time to react slowly and smoothly. If you must make any movements on a slippery surface, make them smoothly and gently and avoid sudden movements of the steering wheel.
When in a skid, look where you want to go and steer there.
Do not turn a little problem into a tragedy
Many collisions are caused by the driver’s over-reaction to a possible emergency situation. If you find yourself in an emergency situation, try to remain calm and take the time to think before you act. As a skid develops, the earlier you take action, the smaller the corrective movement required and the greater are your chances of controlling it.
Drifting onto a soft shoulder
If you drift onto a soft shoulder, it’s not what you do that is important, it is what you nedělej that counts.
If your right wheels drop onto a soft shoulder, don’t jerk the wheel to get back on the road in a hurry and don’t brake hard.
Do not take any corrective action immediately, just steer straight along the shoulder, postupně zpomalovat. Then, when you have slowed and there are no other vehicles around, turn the wheel left and almost immediately (when you feel your front wheel come onto the road) counter-steer and straighten out.
It’s a simple procedure as long as you don’t steer very much. You should, however, grip the wheel tightly.
If you come off in a critical location, for example, just before a bridge, then treat your return to the road like an emergency lane change and steer, counter-steer, straighten.
Příkopy
With ditches, as with soft shoulders, it’s what you don’t do that’s important.
Don’t brake hard, don’t turn the wheel violently and don’t try to get back on the road. These actions are very likely to cause your vehicle to roll over.
The important thing is to drive dolů the ditch. The greater the slope of the ditch, the more you will have to steer down the ditch to keep from rolling.
To drive down the ditch, hold the wheel firmly. Look and steer gently down the slope to where you want to go. Stay off the brake. Gradually release the accelerator. If you need to steer to avoid an obstacle, do it pomalu a postupně and, if you have a choice, choose the direction that will send you down the slope.
If you suddenly find yourself going into a ditch, do not over-react. Try to resist doing anything until you think about what you must do. You’re better off to do nothing than to try the wrong thing.
It’s perfectly all right to drive in a ditch to avoid a rollover, provided you don’t hit an approach road or something hard. The main cause of rollovers is attempting to return to the road too early. You may have to be towed out, but that is a small price to pay compared to rolling the car.
Gentle ditch
Steep ditch
Blow-outs
With a front or rear tire blow-out, do not over-react. Look where you want to go and steer there, holding the steering wheel firmly. Gradually ease off the accelerator and gently brake. Once you have slowed down, steer the vehicle off to the side of the road.
Blow-outs can cause tremendous steering and wheel vibration. Ne be alarmed. Remember, gentle braking will improve stability and reduce steering and wheel vibration.
Rear wheel blow-outs can cause the back of the car to fishtail. Do not over-correct your steering. Just brake gently and steer where you want to go. Remember to shift to neutral (declutch).
Selhání brzdy
Vehicles are manufactured with a two-circuit hydraulic brake system, and total brake failure is very rare. If one half of the system fails, the brake warning light will usually come on when you apply the brakes and you’ll have to push much harder to slow or stop the vehicle. Even if the brake pedal goes right to the floor, do not give up. It’ll still have stopping power.
You can help slow the vehicle by using the parking brake. Try to avoid having the rear wheels lock as this will cause the vehicle to spin around. By adjusting the parking brake release, you will make it easier to vary the pressure and avoid locking.
Don’t pump your brakes. It’s the wrong thing to do with a modern brake system. If the vehicle pulls to one side, grasp the wheel firmly, counter-steer and shift to a lower gear. After the car has stopped, do not drive any further. Call for help.
Power steering or power brake failure
Most vehicles have some form of power assistance for braking and steering to reduce the force necessary to operate the controls.
If the engine stalls, you’ll lose your power assistance and will have to apply a great deal more force to the brake or steering wheel to maintain control. Try shifting to neutral and re-starting the engine, then return the shift lever to drive.
Accelerator sticking
If your accelerator sticks, don’t panic. Shift to neutral (or declutch), slow down, pull over and stop. Then, turn the key off and try unsticking the pedal with your feet.
Selhání světlometů
If your headlights suddenly go out, immediately slow down to keep your original course, pull over and stop. Check the headlight switch and the dimmer switch. If these don’t work, put on the parking lights or hazard lights.
Animals on the road
Nejvyšší stupeň aktivity
Wild animals are unpredictable but there are times when the risk of a collision is particularly high. Be alert during the months of May and June when animals are drawn to ditches for road salt and to escape biting insects. Animals are also especially active in the late fall and early winter during mating season and migration. The peak times for collisions are dawn and dusk.
pozor na rychlost
Yellow wildlife warning signs indicate areas of high risk. No matter the season or time of day, it’s important to watch for signs of wildlife and reduce your speed accordingly. Slowing down reduces the distance required to stop and decreases the force of impact in the event of a collision.
Být upozorněn
It’s important to constantly scan the road from shoulder to shoulder. Being alert is still your best defence to prevent a collision. When you see an animal at the side of the road, slow down and pass by slowly. For night driving, look for the glowing eyes of animals and use your high beams whenever possible.
When encountering an animal, try to do the following:
- Remain calm if an animal appears on the road in front of you. If you have time to stop, do so at a safe distance and stay alert. When one animal crosses the road, others often follow. You can also sound your horn to scare wildlife away from the road.
- If an animal appears suddenly and surprises you, remember to brake firmly and stay in control of your vehicle. Avoid swerving because you may turn into oncoming traffic or roll into the ditch.
When a collision is unavoidable
Sometimes collisions with wildlife are unavoidable even if you take every precaution and remain alert at the wheel. In these circumstances, try to remain calm.
- Aim your vehicle at the spot where the animal came from, not where it’s going.
- Try for a glancing blow rather than a head-on encounter and let up on your brake just before you collide. This causes the front of your vehicle to rise slightly and reduces the chances of the animal going through your windshield.
- Hitting an animal can be a traumatic experience. If possible, move to the shoulder and turn on your hazard lights. Take a moment to regain your composure and then assess the damage to your vehicle.
- Don’t approach the animal, especially if it appears to be wounded. Injured animals can be dangerous.
- Call the police or your local RCMP detachment if there are human injuries or significant damage to your vehicle. If the damage is less severe, you may continue driving and follow regular SGI claims reporting procedures.
- Call the Conservation Officer Service if there is a dead or injured animal to report.
Úspěšný zážitek z jízdy pro většinu lidí znamená dostat se z bodu A do bodu B co nejbezpečněji a nejúčinněji. Bohužel, matka příroda má někdy tendenci to překážet, zejména v zimních měsících. Náhlá ztráta kontroly nad vozidlem kvůli kluzké části vozovky a to, že se vaše vozidlo začne dostávat do smyku nebo klouzat, je překvapením, které nikdo ve skutečnosti nechce. Kdyby se to stalo vám, věděli byste, co dělat? Jako dlouholetý instruktor jízdy u Young Drivers of Canada doporučujeme řidičům toto.
Pro začátek je důležité pochopit, že smyky mohou být způsobeny nejen sněhem a ledem. Způsobit je může i spadané listí, štěrk, mokrá dlažba a další. Cokoli, co snižuje tření mezi pneumatikami a povrchem vozovky, může snížit přilnavost vašich pneumatik, které vám pomohou udržet vozidlo na silnici a v kurzu.
Co tedy můžete udělat, abyste své vozidlo ovládli, pokud začnete smyk? Záleží na vozidle, které řídíte, a na typu smyku, ve kterém se nacházíte. Zde jsou některé běžné situace.
Pohon předních kol
Vozidla s pohonem předních kol, která jsou dnes nejrozšířenějšími vozidly na našich silnicích, budou mít v kluzkých situacích tendenci k nedotáčivosti. To je, když jsou přední kola natočena, ale vozidlo stále pokračuje v pluhování přímo vpřed. To je obvykle způsobeno příliš vysokou rychlostí při zatáčení a/nebo ostrým řízením.
Když k tomu dojde:
- Uvolněte plyn. Nepřestávejte náhle.
- Dívejte se dobře dopředu.
- Natočte kola do přímého směru, pokud to silnice umožňuje. V tomto případě opusťte odbočku, kterou jste zamýšleli udělat, a místo toho objeďte blok. Další otočení volantu může způsobit, že vaše vozidlo opět ztratí kontrolu, pokud kola znovu získají přilnavost k vozovce.
- Udržení kol rovně jim umožní pokračovat v otáčení a znovu získat trakci.
Pokud se u svého vozu s pohonem předních kol ocitnete v situaci přetáčivosti – což má za následek, že vaše zadní kola jedou příliš doleva nebo doprava (známé také jako „rybí ocas“) – velmi jemné šlápnutí na plyn táhnout vaše vozidlo ze smyku zadního kola. Je to proto, že vaše přední kola budou mít stále trakci a síla k pohybu pochází z vašich předních kol.
Pohon zadních kol
Nejčastějším typem smyku, který dostanete u vozidla s pohonem zadních kol, je přetáčivost. Přetáčivost je obecně způsobena příliš rychlou jízdou do zatáčky, prudkým brzděním těsně před zatáčkou nebo hrubým řízením, když začnete zatáčet. Ke smyku zadního kola obvykle stačí dvě z těchto tří chyb dobrý počasí a provádění některé z těchto akcí samostatně na kluzkém povrchu vozovky pravděpodobně způsobí ztrátu trakce a skluzu vašeho vozidla.
Když k tomu dojde:
- Dívejte se dobře dopředu.
- Sundejte všechny pedály.
- Pokud to čas dovolí, zařaďte neutrál (nebo stiskněte spojku ve vozidle s manuální převodovkou). Zařazením neutrálu se odebere výkon přenášený na kola a umožní se všem kolům pohybovat se stejnou rychlostí.
- Buďte připraveni rychle řídit, abyste znovu získali kontrolu.
- Opustit odbočku. Pokračování v zatáčce s největší pravděpodobností způsobí, že se vaše vozidlo bude i nadále otáčet nebo rybí ocas.
Ale pamatujte si: toto jsou tipy, které vám pomohou řídit situace, kdy dochází k výpadkům. Několik faktorů bude ovlivňovat, zda, kdy a jak k spin outům dojde některé nebo všechny z těchto tipů nemusí platit pro vaši konkrétní situaci. Jsou-li povětrnostní podmínky příliš zrádné, nejbezpečnějším postupem je počkat a vydat se na cestu poté, co pluhy, saltery a brusky uvolní silnice a podmínky se zlepší. Pokud si nejste jistí svými zimními řidičskými dovednostmi, zvažte absolvování lekcí s vyškoleným, licencovaným instruktorem řízení, abyste pochopili, jak správně napravit nedotáčivé a přetáčivé situace ve vašem vozidle nebo ve vozidle, které používáte.
To znamená, že nejlepší způsob, jak ovládat smyk, je do něj vůbec nevstupovat.
Vyhněte se spin-outům:
- Ujistěte se, že máte na autě vhodné pneumatiky pro sezónní podmínky a že všechny pneumatiky na vašem vozidle mají dobrou hloubku dezénu;
- Správná údržba vozu; a
- Jízda podle povětrnostních podmínek, včetně pomalé jízdy, ponechání prostoru navíc, jemného zrychlování, včasného brzdění a hladkého řízení.
Auto pojištění
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Naši místní agenti Allstate jsou připraveni pomoci přizpůsobit pojistnou smlouvu vašim potřebám.
Kontaktujte nás ještě dnes a získejte bezplatnou nabídku osobního pojištění vozu.
